52 Introduction

Christianity formed in the first century CE around a Jewish reformer named Jesus (c. 4-6 BCE – 30 CE; Yeshua / Joshua in his native language). Jesus publicly challenged the practices of certain Jewish authorities during his lifetime. As a potential political leader of the Jews, he also challenged the political authority of the Roman empire. For his dissent, he was put to death by crucifixion – being nailed to a wooden cross. Mainstream Christianity claims that after three days he resurrected from death, meaning that he was brought back to life. After his resurrection, his followers believed that he spent time on earth instructing his followers, and then ascended (rose up) to God. From this point forward, the cross became an important symbol that represents Jesus’ triumph over death.

As Christianity spread into many different areas of the world, the teachings of Jesus were interpreted in various ways. These interpretations led to many different theological positions. Different denominations – branches or groups – developed within Christianity. In this chapter, “Christianity” applies to groups that put Jesus at the center of their doctrine and their religious practices.

This chapter discusses the history, practices, and beliefs of mainstream Christianity from its conception to the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century CE. The chapter on New Religious Movements discusses Christian movements that developed during the nineteenth century CE in the United States.